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Labour Battalions (Ottoman Empire)
Ottoman labour battalions ((トルコ語:Amele Taburları), (アルメニア語:Աշխատանքային բատալիոն), Greek: Τάγματα Εργασίας, ''Tagmata Ergasias'', but more often the transliterated Turkish name αμελέ ταμπουρού is used) was a form of unfree labour in the late Ottoman Empire. The term is associated with disarmament and murder of Ottoman Armenian soldiers during World War I,〔Foreign Office Memorandum by Mr. G.W. Rendel on Turkish Massacres and Persecutions of Minorities since the Armistice, March 20, 1922, Paragraph 35〕〔(USA Congress, Concurrent Resolution, September 9, 1997 )〕 of Pontic and Anatolian Greeks during the Turkish War of Independence (see: Greek genocide,〔(Notes on the Genocides of Christian Populations of the Ottoman Empire )〕 Central Army.)
== Armenians in labour battalions ==
Armenians did not serve in the armed forces in the Ottoman Empire until 1908. Soon after the Young Turk Revolution, which declared that unfair distinction between Muslim and Christian members of the Empire would end, the Armenians, now treated as equal citizens, became subject to conscription like other members of the society. This meant that they had to serve in the military.
On 25 February 1915, the Ottoman General Staff released the War Minister Enver Pasha's ''Directive 8682'' on "Increased security and precautions" to all military units calling for the removal of all ethnic Armenians serving in the Ottoman forces from their posts and for their demobilization. They were assigned to the unarmed labour battalions. The directive accused the Armenian Patriarchate of releasing State secrets to the Russians. Enver Pasha explained this decision as "out of fear that they would collaborate with the Russians". Traditionally, the Ottoman Army only drafted non-Muslim males between the ages of 20 and 45 into the regular army. The younger (15–20) and older (45–60) non-Muslim soldiers had always been used as logistical support through the labour battalions. Before February, some of the Armenian recruits were utilized as labourers (''hamals''), though they would ultimately be executed.〔Toynbee, Arnold. ''Armenian Atrocities: The Murder of a Nation''. London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1915, pp. 181–2.〕
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